Showing 64 results for Mechanical
Tavakoli A. H., Goudarzi M.,
Volume 1, Issue 3 (9-2004)
Abstract
The synthesis of advanced materials from low cost minerals concentrates is a new field of study that has great potential applications. In this paper, the effect of milling time on the temperature of initiation and amount of carbothermic reduction of ilmenite has been investigated. The stoichiometric molar ratio (1:4) of ilmenite to graphite was mixed and mechanically activatedfor 30-70 hours at room temperature. Then homogenized mixture heated for one hour at 1000-1400°C in coal reducing atmosphere. The results show that complete conversion of ilmenite to Fe and TiC can not be achieved in the unmilled powder at 1400°C, while with milling of mixture for 30 hours, complete reduction of ilmenite to Fe and TiC at 1400° C was observed. With increasing milling time from 30 to 70 hours the temperature of complete reduction decreases from 1400 to 1200° C. Leaching of final product in HCI 3% solution dissolve Fe but leave pure titanium carbide intact. Determination of TiC unit cell size from X-ray diffraction pattern shows that unit cell size of synthesized TiC is less than stoichiometric one, which suggests that some oxycarbide phases (TiCxO1-x), is present into the final product.
Eftekhari-Yekta B., Marghussian V.k.,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2005)
Abstract
The effect of precipitation of ?.qss. and gahnite phases during heat treatment of glass frits in the ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 system on the mechanical property of resulting glass-ceramic specimens were investigated. It was shown that gahnite glass-ceramics had higher bend strength and toughness values than ?.qss. ones. The results are attributed to the higher modulus of elasticity as well as higher thermal expansion coefficient of gahnite relative to the residual glass phase.
Chandler H.w.,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (6-2005)
Abstract
Being brittle and having low thermal conductivity, refractories suffer damage and sometimes fail in service as a result of thermal shock. While the approach of those making fine-grained technical ceramics is to make their products sufficiently strong to withstand thermal stresses the refractory technologist is more cunning. He uses, often little known, devices to provide resistance to thermal shock that minimise but do not eliminate damage to the component. In this paper the basic equations of thermal conduction and elasticity are presented and followed by some immediate results that should guide the designer of components subject to severe thermal environments. The influence of size and shape of the refractory components is then discussed along with ways in which refractory producers can engineer the thermal and mechanical properties. In particular, the methods used to tailor fracture behavior to optimize the thermal shock resistance are treated in some detail.
Arabi H., Divandari M., Hosseini A.h.m.,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2006)
Abstract
In this research the influence of Ti contents on the amounts of inclusions formation and mechanical properties of a high alloy high strength steel, C300, has been investigated. For this purpose several bars were casted under the same solidification conditions, but different amounts of Ti element. All the seven casted bars were homogenized at 1200°C for a period of 2 hours. Then, they were immediately hot rolled after homogenization so that the out rolling temperature was kept in the range of 1000-1200° C. The specimens were then solution annealed at 820°C for hour and finally they were aged for a period of 3 hours at 500°C. The samples were subjected to tensile, impact and hardness tests in order to relate the variation in volume percent of inclusions due to different amount of Ti, to mechanical properties. The results showed that by increasing the amount of Ti a serious decline in toughness properties of the alloy due to increase in inclusion population occurred. So this research provides a very useful information about the relation between volume fraction of inclusions and mechanical properties of a C300 high strength steel.
Nosrati F., Zarei Hanzaki A.,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2006)
Abstract
TRIP (TRansformation- lnduced- Plasticity) behavior is a powerful mechanism to improve mechanical properties. The basis of TRIP phenomena is the transformation of retained austenite with optimum characteristics (volume fraction, stability, size and morphology) to martensite during deformation at room temperature. Accordingly, the first requirement to obtain desired TRIP effects is to produce an appropriate microstructure. Thermo mechanical processing is an effective method to control the microstructural evolution thereby mechanical properties in TRIP steels. This work deals with a TRIP steel containing 0.2% C, evaluating the effects of straining before and during ?®a atransformation on its final characteristics, using hot compression tests. The results revealed that straining in the two phase region (dynamic transformation) not only reduces the ferrite grain size more significantly, but also increases the retained austenite volumefraction. Accordingly the final mechanical properties were also improved.
Oprea G.,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (12-2006)
Abstract
Although the flash smelting technologies use different furnace designs, the refractory linings are exposed to very similar aggressive environments and, as a result, the corrosion analysis results on one type of furnace could be generally applied to other furnaces of similar high temperature processes. Particularities regarding the different chemistries of the pyrometallurgical process and operating parameters of these furnaces could also bring particular aspects to be considered when analyzing the refractory ware and final failure in use. This paper presents a review of the existent experimental. data of corrosion analyses on refractory linings used in two particular flash furnaces for zinc-lead and respectively nickel-copper smelting. Although various modern water cooling systems are generally used to protect the refractory wall linings against corrosion by molten slag and matte, the performance of the refractory roof lining, usually used without water cooling, represents a permanent concern and the object of research studies to extend their life in service. The failure mechanisms analysed in this study are based on postmortem analyses and laboratory corrosion experiments with magnesite-chrome bricks of different chemical and mineralogical compositions. The gaseous atmosphere, usually rich in SO2 and/or CO and various metal fumes, produces irreversible microstructural changes which could shorten the life in service of the refractory lining. The experimental data proved that thermal cycling in SO2/SO3 atmospheres could bring more damage than a continuous use at relatively constant temperature, due to the magnesium and calcium sulphate formation. The laboratory experiments and postmortem analyses showed that that metal fumes at various partial pressure of oxygen would condense as oxides and react inside the pores and at the grain boundaries, contributing to the continuous deterioration of the ceramic matrix of the refractory brick lining. The mechanisms of corrosion, discussed based on laboratory experiments, were confirmed by the postmortem analyses on brick samples used in the industrial flash smelting furnaces.
H. Naffakh,, M. Shamanian, F. Ashrafizadeh,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2008)
Abstract
Abstract: The investigation is carried out to characterize welding of AISI 310 austenitic stainless
steel to Inconel 657 nickel-chromium superalloy. The welds were produced using four types of
filler materials: the nickel-based corresponding to Inconel 82, Inconel A, Inconel 617 and
austenitic stainless steel 310. This paper describes the effects of aging treatment on the joint. The
comparative evaluation was based on microstructural features and estimation of mechanical
properties. While Inconel A exhibited highest thermal stability and mechanical properties
(hardness and ultimate strength), Inconel 82 weld metal also showed good thermal stability and
mechanical properties. On the other hand, welds produced with Inconel 617 and 310 SS filler
materials showed weak thermal stability and failed in the weld metals. It is therefore concluded
that for the joint between Inconel 657 and 310 stainless steel, Inconel A and Inconel 82 filler
materials offered the best compromises, respectively.
H. Shahmir, M. Nili Ahmadabadi, F. Naghdi,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (12-2008)
Abstract
Abstract: In the present study the effect of thermomechanical treatment (cold work and annealing) on the
transformation behavior of NiTi shape memory alloys was studied. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to
determine transformation temperature and its relation to precipitates and defects. Three alloys including Ti-50.3at.%
Ni, Ti-50.5at.% Ni (reclamated orthodontic wires) and 50.6at.% Ni alloy were annealed at 673 K and 773 K for 30
and 60 min after 15% cold rolling. It was found that the transformation characteristics of these alloys are sensitive to
annealing treatment and composition. The temperature range of transformation is broadened during cold working and
after subsequent annealing, the intermediate phase was appeared. The peaks become sharper and close together on
each cooling and heating cycle with increasing annealing temperature and time
S.h.r. Fatemi Nayeri, J. Vahdati Khaki, M. R. Aboutalebi,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (3-2009)
Abstract
Abstract:A combination of mechanical activation and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) together with X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD), and various microstractural characterization techniques were used to evaluate the starting reaction
in the combustion synthesis of TiC-Al2O3 composite in TiO2-Al-C system. The mechanical activation was performed
on the mixtures of two components of TiO2/Al, Al/C and TiO2/C and then the third component was added according
to the stoichiometric reaction for 3TiC+2Al2O3 composite formation. The powder mixtures were heated up to 1450 °C
under Argon atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The combustion synthesis temperature was observed to
decrease from 962 °C to 649 °C after milling of TiO2/Al mixture for 16 hr. On the contrary, the mechanical activation
of Al/C and TiO2/C mixtures for 16 hr made the reaction temperature increase to 995 °C and 1024 °C, respectively.
The decrease in reaction temperature as a result of milling the TiO2/Al mixture could be due to an increase of TiO2
and Al interface area as confirmed by TEM micrographs and XRD patterns of milled powder mixture. In addition, DTA
experiments showed that for the sample in which TiO2 and Al were mechanically activated the reaction occurred at
the temperature even lower than that of Al melting point.
I. Ebrahimzadeh, Gh.h. Akbari,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (3-2009)
Abstract
Abstract: Horizontal continuous casting is widely used to produce semi-finished and finished metallic products.
Homogeneity in metallurgical characteristics and mechanical properties in such products is of importance. In the
present work microstructure and mechanical properties of a horizontal continuous cast pipe have been studied.
Microstructural features were investigated by an optical microscope equipped with image analyzer and SEM was used
to characterize precipitates. Tensile behavior, impact strength and hardness variations were the mechanical properties
which were studied. Results showed that microstructure and mechanical properties had diversities in different parts of
the pipe and distinct differences were observed between upper and lower parts of the pipe. A meaningful correlation
was found in microstructure and mechanical properties in different parts of the component.
Javad Bahrami, Mohammad Hossein Paydar, Nader Setoudeh, Mohammad Hossein Shariat,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (12-2009)
Abstract
Abstract
The effect of mechanical activation using an attrition mill on the particle size of an ilmenite concentrate and its effect on the ability of the concentrate for Iron separation during hydrochloric acid leaching and the kinetics of the dissolution process have been investigated. It was observed that mechanical activation in an attritor significantly enhances the dissolution of iron in hydrochloric acid while have a slight effect on dissolution of titanium. With the mechanically activated ilmenite using an attrition mill, leaching conversion at 90 oC reached to 80%. The kinetic data of leaching of mechanically activated ilmenite was found to follow shrinking core model. Mechanically activating ilmenite using the attrition mill was found to cause the activation energy of leaching to be decrease from 43.69 , found for samples leached without mechanically activated, to 18.23 .
N. Anjabin, Karimi Taheri,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (6-2010)
Abstract
Abstract:
properties of AA6082 aluminum alloy. Considering that aging phenomenon affects the distribution of alloying element
in matrix, and the fact that different distribution of alloying elements has different impediments to dislocation
movement, a material model based on microstructure, has been developed in this research. A relative volume fraction
or mean radius of precipitations is introduced into the flow stress by using the appropriate relationships. The GA-based
optimization technique is used to evaluate the material constants within the equations from the uni-axial tensile test
data of AA6082 alloy. Finally, using the proposed model with optimized constants, the flow behavior of the alloy at
different conditions of heat treatment is predicted. The results predicted by the model showed a good agreement with
experimental data, indicating the capability of the model in prediction of the material flow behavior after different heat
treatment cycles. Also, the calculated flow stress was used for determination of the material property in Abaqus
Software to analyze the uniaxial compression test. The force- displacement curves of the analysis were compared to
the experimental data obtained in the same condition, and a good agreement was found between the two sets of results.
A novel constitutive equation has been proposed to predict the effect of aging treatment on mechanical
A. Noorian, Sh. Kheirandish, H. Saghafian,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (6-2010)
Abstract
Abstract:
mechanical properties of AISIH 13 hot-work tool steel have been studied. Cast samples made of the modified new steel were homogenized and austenitized at different conditions, followed by tempering at the specified temperature ranges. Hardness, red hardness, three point bending test and Charpy impact test were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties together with characterizing the microstructure of the modified steel using scanning electron microscope. The results show that niobium addition modifies the cast structure of Nb–alloyed steel, and increases its maximum hardness. It was found that bending strength bending strain, impact strength, and red hardness of the modified cast steel are also higher than those of the cast H13 steel, and lower than those of the wrought H13 steel.
In this research, the effects of partially replacing of vanadium and molybdenum with niobium on the
M.sh. Bafghi, A.h. Emami, A. Zakeri, J. Vahdati Khaki,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (6-2010)
Abstract
Abstract:
has been investigated. It has been shown that the mechanism of leaching reaction is diffusion through the product layer
and does not undergo any change as a result of mechanical activation in a wide range of experimental conditions.
Leaching rate is strongly influenced by milling intensity and the effect of ball to powder mass ratio is stronger than
milling time. Curve fitting of experimental data shows that leaching rate constant is approximately a linear function
of ball to powder mass ratio, while it obeys a power function with regard to the milling time.
The kinetics of chalcopyrite leaching in a ferric sulfate media for raw and mechanically activated samples
Mrs Somaye Alamolhoda, Dr Saeed Heshmati-Manesh, Dr Abolghasem Ataie,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (8-2010)
Abstract
In this research an ultra-fine grained composite structure consisting of an intermetallic matrix together with dispersed nano-sized Al2O3 obtained via mechanical activation of TiO2 and Al in a high energy ball mill and sintering of consolidated samples. Phase composition and morphology of the milled and sintered samples were evaluated by XRD and SEM techniques Thermal behavior of the powder sample milled for 8 hours was evaluated by DTA technique. DTA results showed that, the reaction happens in two steps. The first step is the aluminothermic reduction of TiO2 with Al. XRD observations reveals that minor amount of Ti3Al phase formed during reduction reaction together with TiAl and Al2O3 major phases. This intermetallic phase disappeared when sintering temperature was increased to 850 ºC. The second step in DTA is related to a reaction between residual Al in the system (partly dissolved in TiAl lattice) and the Ti3Al phase produced earlier at lower temperatures. SEM micrographs reveal that by completion of the reduction reaction more homogeneous and finer microstructure is observable in sintered samples.
Khodamorad Abbaszadeh, Shahram Kheirandish, Hassan Saghafian,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (8-2010)
Abstract
The effects of lower bainite volume fraction on tensile and impact properties of D6AC ultrahigh strength steel were studied in the current work. To obtain mixed microstructures containing martensite and different volume fractions of the lower bainite, specimens were austenitized at 910° C, then quenched in a salt bath of 330°C for different holding times, finally quenched in oil. In order to obtain fully martensitic and bainitic microstructures, direct oil quenching and isothermal transformation heat treatment for 24 hours were used respectively. All specimens were double tempered at 200°C for 2 hours per tempered. Microstructures were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopes. Fracture morphologies were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that both yield and ultimate tensile strength generally decreased with an increase in volume fraction of lower bainite. However, a few exceptions were observed in the mixed microstructures containing 12% lower bainite, showing a higher strength than the fully martensitic microstructure. This can be explained on the basis of two factors. The first is an increase in the strength of martensite due to the partitioning of the prior austenite grains by lower bainite resulting in the refinement of martensite substructures. The second is a plastic constraint effect leading to an enhanced strength of lower bainite by the surrounding relatively rigid martensite. Charpy V-notch impact energy and ductility is improved with increasing the volume fraction of lower bainite.
T. Rostamzadeh, H. R. Shahverd,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (3-2011)
Abstract
Abstract: In this study Al-5 (Vol) % SiCp nanocomposite powder has been successfully synthesized by high-energy planetary milling of Al and SiC powders for a period of 25 h at a ball-to-powder ratio of 15:1. The changes of the lattice strain, the crystallite size of the matrix phase, and the nanocomposite powder microstructure with time have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray mapping, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The morphologies of the nanocomposite powders obtained after 25 h of milling have also been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that nanocomposite powders were composed of near-spherical particles and, moreover, the SiC particles were uniformly distributed in the aluminum matrix.
F. Foroutan, J. Javadpou, A. Khavandi, M. Atai, H. R. Rezaie,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (6-2011)
Abstract
Abstract: Composite specimens were prepared by dispersion of various amounts of nano-sized Al2O3 fillers in a monomer system containing 60% Bis-GMA and 40% TEGDMA. For comparative purposes, composite samples containing micrometer size Al2O3 fillers were also prepared following the same procedure. The mechanical properties of the light- cured samples were assessed by three-point flexural strength, diametral tensile strength, and microhardness tests. The results indicated a more than hundred percent increase in the flexural strength and nearly an eighty percent increase in the diametral tensile strength values in the samples containing nano-size Al2O3 filler particles. It is interesting to note that, this improvement was observed at a much lower nano-size filler content. Fracture surfaces analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, indicated a brittle type of fracture in both sets of specimens.
W. Orlowicz, M. Tupaj, M. Mróz, J. Betlej, F. Ploszaj,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
Abstract: This study presents the research results of effect that refining process has on porosity and mechanical properties of high pressure die castings made of AlSi12S alloy. The operation of refining was carried out in a melting furnace with the use of an FDU Mini Degasser. Mechanical properties (UTS, YS, Elongation, Brinell Hardness) were assessed on samples taken from high pressure die castings. The effect of molten metal transfer operation and the time elapsing from completion of the refining process on the alloy mechanical properties was determined.
A. Shahcheraghi, F. Dehghani, K. Raeissi, A. Saatchi, M. H. Enayati,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
Abstract: Mg2Ni alloy and Mg2Ni–x wt% TiO2 (x = 3, 5 and 10 wt %) composites are prepared by mechanical alloying. The produced alloy and composites are characterized as the particles with nanocrystalline/amorphous structure. The effects of TiO2 on hydrogen storage properties are investigated using anodic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the initial discharge capacity and exchange current density of hydrogen are increased by adding 5wt% TiO2, while the cycle stability and bulk hydrogen diffusivity don’t change. It is found that the charge transfer resistance of Mg2Ni–5wt% TiO2 composite is lower than that of Mg2Ni alloy. On the other hand, the hydrogen oxidation during the discharge process proceeds more easily on the electrode surface containing TiO2 additive.
